Discussion of "Effects of Pile Tip Support Condition on Pile Behavior under the Action of a Large Earthquake" by Shuji Tamura, Koyo Torii, and Naoki Iriguchi.

Pile foundations in earthquake-prone areas are subject to overturning moments in which the behavior is dependent on the fixity of the pile tips and characteristics of the stratigraphy of the formation into which the piles are embedded. Further, the bending moment caused by the overturning moment cannot be ignored because the bending moments resulting from the lateral loads and deformation do not cause significant differences in moments irrespective of pile tip fixity. Each model test consisted of four piles identified as Pile A, Pile B, Pile C, and Pile D as shown in Fig. [Extracted from the article]