Full-hand electrotactile feedback using electronic skin and matrix electrodes for high-bandwidth human–machine interfacing.

Tactile feedback is relevant in a broad range of human–machine interaction systems (e.g. teleoperation, virtual reality and prosthetics). The available tactile feedback interfaces comprise few sensing and stimulation units, which limits the amount of information conveyed to the user. The present study describes a novel technology that relies on distributed sensing and stimulation to convey comprehensive tactile feedback to the user of a robotic end effector. The system comprises six flexible sensing arrays (57 sensors) integrated on the fingers and palm of a robotic hand, embedded electronics (64 recording channels), a multichannel stimulator and seven flexible electrodes (64 stimulation pads) placed on the volar side of the subject's hand. The system was tested in seven subjects asked to recognize contact positions and identify contact sliding on the electronic skin, using distributed anode configuration (DAC) and single dedicated anode configuration. The experiments demonstrated that DAC resulted in substantially better performance. Using DAC, the system successfully translated the contact patterns into electrotactile profiles that the subjects could recognize with satisfactory accuracy (i.e. median{IQR} of 88.6{11}% for static and 93.3{5}% for dynamic patterns). The proposed system is an important step towards the development of a high-density human–machine interfacing between the user and a robotic hand. This article is part of the theme issue 'Advanced neurotechnologies: translating innovation for health and well-being'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]