Swelling and strength characteristics of sand treated with paper sludge ash-based stabilizer.

• Potential of using a PSAS to improve the properties of sand for use as a backfill material. • Appropriate water content w of the PSAS-treated sand reduces the swelling potential of PSAS treated sand. • Significant lower strength development of PSAS-treated sand compared with OPC-treated sand under same mixing conditions. • PSAS-treated sand is a suitable replacement of OPC-treated sand. • XRD profiles show that the formation of CaCO 3 is dominant in the PSAS-treated. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential of using a paper sludge ash-based stabilizer (PSAS) to improve the properties of sand proposed to be used as a backfill material around underground pipes. The swelling potential and strength of the sand treated with PSAS are investigated by conducting a series of laboratory tests. Similar tests are conducted on sand treated with ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Swelling potential tests show that the PSAS-treated sand with a water content of 0% show significant expansion during soaking, similar to the OPC-treated sand. However, the test results reveal that an appropriate moisture content of the PSAS-treated sand reduces its potential for expansion, depending on the duration of its temporary placement at the construction site. Unconfined compression tests show that the compressive strength of the PSAS-treated sand is significantly lower than that of the OPC-treated sand under the same mixing conditions, even though the chemical composition of PSAS is relatively similar to that of OPC. The increase in compressive strength with the curing time is more gradual in the PSAS-treated sand than in the OPC-treated sand, suggesting that the former is easier to re-excavate. X-ray diffraction profiles showed that the formation of calcite is dominant in the PSAS-treated sand, and that berlinite may be an additional contributor to the increase in strength of PSAS-treated sand in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]