Technological advancement in measurements of suspended sediment and hydraulic turbine erosion.

Sediment in the flowing water are normally considered an obstacle for hydropower plants (HPPs). The operation and management of HPPs have been a significant challenge in sediment-laden rivers. In mountainous regions like the Himalayas, frequent rainfalls and glacial and sub-glacial hydrological activities during the monsoon season transport high sediment in streams. In these regions, HPPs face high erosion of the hydraulic turbines due to sediment abrasion, resulting in efficiency losses, frequent maintenance and shut down of power plants. The present study covers a comprehensive review of the recently developed techniques for the continuous measurement of suspended sediment concentration (SSC), and particle size distribution (PSD). Further, the study discusses the measurement strategies of suspended sediment properties, sediment erosion in the hydraulic turbine, its efficiency loss, and financial implications, focusing mainly on the Himalayas. Finally, the research gaps of the study are discussed, and its future scope is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]