Experimental and unified mathematical frameworks of water-ice phase change for cold thermal energy storage.

• Development of a well-controlled experimental system for ice-water phase change to elucidate five stages of solidification. • Formulation and validation of a two-dimensional semi-analytical solution to capture solidification at micro- and macro-scales. • Parametric study for key operational parameters in cold thermal energy storage (CTES). Cold thermal energy storage (CTES) is a process that supplies cold thermal energy to a medium for storage and extracts it whenever is needed. The storage medium is phase change material (PCM), which makes great use of the large quantity of latent heat released during solidification or melting. However, some key fundamental and applied issues have not yet been resolved: how do we overcome the thermal interference in PCMs from unstable microscopic crystallization and external mechanical forces? Are there any unified and robust models to predict the whole time evolution of phase change accurately and rapidly? To fulfill these research gaps, we firstly establish a novel, well-controlled experimental system for PCMs that mitigates the thermal disturbance over a medium to large volume during solidification, capable of measuring transient temperature data and characterizing freezing stages at both macro- and micro-scale. We also develop in detail a unified semi-analytical mathematical framework to model the solidification of PCMs, consisting of five subsequent stages: liquid supercooling, nucleation, recalescence, equilibrium freezing, and solid subcooling. The modeling results yield a good agreement with our experimental data in several scenarios, particularly the nucleation temperature and time as well as the total freezing time are accurately predicted. Lastly, we extend our study to investigate the thermal effects of various radial positions, geometries, initial temperatures, heat transfer fluid temperature, and heat transfer coefficients in the context of CTES system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]