Ethamsylate Attenuates Mutilated Secondary Pathogenesis and Exhibits a Neuroprotective Role in Experimental Model of Spinal Cord Injury.

[Display omitted] • Ethamsylate preserves the integrity of the blood spinal cord barrier after SCI. • The production of inflammatory mediators was significantly decreased. • Extend of fibrotic scar formation in the chronic period was reduced. • Ethamsylate exhibits a neuroprotective role in spinal cord injury. Deficits in the neuronal connection that succumbs to the impairment of sensory and motor neurons are the hallmarks of spinal cord injury (SCI). Secondary pathogenesis, which initiates after the primary mechanical insult to the spinal cord, depicts a pivotal role in producing inflammation, lesion formation and ultimately causes fibrotic scar formation in the chronic period. This fibrotic scar formed acts as a major hindrance in facilitating axonal regeneration and is one of the root causes of motor impairment. Cascade of secondary events in SCI begins with injury-induced blood spinal cord barrier rupture that promotes increased migration of neutrophils, macrophages, and other inflammatory cells at the injury site to initiate the secondary damages. This phenomenon leads to the release of matrix metalloproteinase, cytokines and chemokines, reactive oxygen species, and other proteolytic enzymes at the lesion site. These factors assist in the activation of the TGF-β1 signaling pathway, which further leads to excessive proliferation of perivascular fibroblast, followed by deposition of collagen and fibronectin matrix, which are the main components of the fibrotic scar. Subsequently, this scar formed inhibits the propagation of action potential from one neuron to adjacent neurons. Ethamsylate, an anti-hemorrhagic drug, has the potential to maintain early hemostasis as well as restore capillary resistance. Therefore, we hypothesized that ethamsylate, by virtue of its anti-hemorrhagic activity, reduces hemorrhagic ischemia-induced neuronal apoptosis, maintains the blood spinal cord barrier integrity, and decreases secondary damage severity, thereby reduce the extent of fibrotic scar formation, and demonstrates a neuroprotective role in SCI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]