A hierarchical blockchain architecture based V2G market trading system.

Along with the increasing prosperity of electric vehicles (EVs), the large-scale penetration of EVs in V2G (Vehicle to Grid) trading market brings difficulties and security issues in the operation of the energy market. The blockchain has the characteristics of security, transparency, decentralization and traceability, which provides an alternative for complex energy market operation in a secure environment. In this paper, a novel hierarchical blockchain architecture is constructed for the V2G trading system including Data Blockchain layer, Operation Blockchain layer and Transaction Blockchain layer. The intelligent contracts of the V2G trading, two-level auction and optimization strategies are designed for scheduling EVs orderly charge and discharge to participate in the grid load regulation so as to minimize the total load variance of the grid and realize reasonable benefit distribution among the involved market entities, i.e., EVs, aggregators and grid. Based on the V2G trading characteristics, a transaction manager with four optimization strategies are designed to further optimize the transaction generation process. The CA (cellular automata) based simulation experiments are performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed V2G trading system. • A novel V2G trading system based on hierarchical blockchain architecture. • Intelligent contracts are designed to schedule EVs for the grid load regulation. • A transaction manager is designed to improve the transaction execution efficiency. • A Cellular Automata model is applied for the V2G trading simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]