Upper and lower degree-constrained graph orientation with minimum penalty.

In the degree-constrained graph orientation problem , the input is an unweighted, undirected graph G = (V , E) and nonnegative integers a v and b v (with a v ≤ b v) for each v ∈ V , and the objective is to assign a direction to every edge in E in such a way that for each v ∈ V , the number of outgoing edges in the resulting directed graph lies in the interval [ a v , b v ]. When such an orientation does not exist, it is desirable to find an orientation that best fits the condition instead. In this paper, we consider the problem of finding an orientation that minimizes the total penalty ∑ v ∈ V c v , where c v is a penalty incurred whenever a vertex v violates its degree constraints. As penalty functions, convex, concave, and step functions are considered in this paper. We show that the problem with any convex penalty function can be solved in O (| E | 1.5 min ⁡ { log ⁡ (| E | ⋅ C) , | E | 0.5 log ⁡ Δ log ⁡ | E | }) time, where Δ and C are the maximum degree and the largest magnitude of a penalty, respectively. In contrast, we show APX-hardness of the problem with step or concave functions. For trees and graphs with treewidth τ , the problem with any penalty function can be solved exactly in O (| V | log ⁡ Δ) time and O (τ 2 Δ 2 τ + 2 | V |) time, respectively. Finally, we consider the generalization of the problem to edge-weighted graphs and establish strong bounds on its inapproximability that hold even in the special case of stars. On the positive side, we can extend our algorithms for unweighted version of the problem to obtain pseudo-polynomial-time algorithms for the edge-weighted problem variant when restricted to trees and graphs with bounded treewidth. Also, we design a PTAS and a linear-time algorithm for stars with further restrictions on the degree constraints and edge weights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]