Energy transport of wavy non-homogeneous hybrid nanofluid cavity partially filled with porous LTNE layer.

The two-phase flow and heat transfer of a Cu–Al 2 O 3 water hybrid nanofluid in a wavy enclosure partially filled with a porous medium is investigated. The concentration gradient of the composite nanoparticles is modeled considering the thermophoresis and Brownian motion nanoscale forces. The porous medium is also modeled using the local thermal non-equilibrium model. The governing equations are converted into a non-dimensional form and then solved using the finite element technique. The impact of the Darcy number, convection interface, and the wave amplitude on the concentration distribution of nanoparticle flow and heat transfer is addressed. The outcomes show that the convective heat transfer in the liquid and solid phases could be increased by 4.5 and 2.7 folds by increasing the Darcy number from 1 0 − 5 to 1 0 − 2 . The growth of the concentration of the nanoparticles from 0 to 0.04 improves the liquid Nusselt number by 17%. The hybrid nanofluid shows a better heat transfer enhancement compared to simple nanofluids. [Display omitted] • Natural convection within nanofluid superposed wavy porous layers is investigated. • LTNE model and Forchheimer–Brinkman-extended Darcy approach are employed. • The impacts of amplitude on the three composite layers are examined. • As the porosity rises, both heat transfer phases declines for low D a and increases for high D a. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]