Health risk assessment of exposure to atrazine in the soil of Shiraz farmlands, Iran.

Atrazine-contaminated soils can pose a carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk through different routes for exposed people. This study aimed to assess the health risk of exposure to atrazine-contaminated soils through direct ingestion and dermal contact in farmlands nearby Shiraz. Atrazine concentration was measured in 22 selected sites using grid sampling. The carcinogenic and non-cancer risks associated with dermal and ingestion exposure in children and adults were estimated. The lowest and highest atrazine concentrations were in S1 (0.015 mg/kg soil) and S22 (0.55 mg/kg soil). Hazard Index (HI)1 values ranged from 0.007 to 0.25 for children, and the values ranged from 0.0008 to 0.03 for adults. The mean cancer risk for children and adults was 6.01 × 10−4 and 7.40 × 10−5, respectively. The HI value was less than 1 for all sampling sites, indicating that exposure to atrazine does not threaten children and adults. However, the cancer risk exceeds the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US.EPA)2 threshold risk limit (10−6 to 10−4) in all sampling sites. Therefore, it is recommended that children should avoid playing on atrazine-contaminated farms or soils near anywhere atrazine may have been used. • The concentration of atrazine in all sampling sites was lower than the standard. • The average daily dermal and direct intake doses were higher in children than adults. • The HQ values for ingestion and dermal contact in children and adults were less than one in all sites. • The carcinogenic risk for children was more than the acceptable threshold of the US.EPA in 4 sampling sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]