Modelling carbon dioxide emissions under a maize-soy rotation using machine learning.

Climatic parameters influence CO 2 emissions and the complexity of the relationship is not fully captured in biophysical models. Machine learning (ML) is now being applied to environmental problems, and it is, therefore, opportune to investigate ML models in CO 2 predictions from agricultural soils. In this study, six ML models were compared for their predictive performance by comparing field measurements of CO 2 emissions from two fertiliser treatments: inorganic fertiliser (IF) and solid cattle manure supplemented with inorganic fertiliser (SCM) applied to a maize-soy rotation. The study also included a generalised scenario where all the data from IF and SCM were included in one dataset. The ML models include support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), feed-forward neural network (FNN), radial basis function neural network (RBFNN), and extreme learning machine (ELM). The input parameters were soil moisture, soil temperature, soil organic matter, soil total carbon, soil total nitrogen, air temperature, solar radiation and pan evaporation, while the output parameter was field measured CO 2 emissions. The results of this study demonstrated that RF was the best at predicting CO 2 emissions from IF [coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.92 and root mean square error (RMSE) = 2.27], SCM (R2 = 0.94 and RMSE = 2.86) and generalised scenarios (R2 = 0.86 and RMSE = 3.05). We conclude that ML models provide an innovative, robust and time-efficient alternative to biophysical models. [Display omitted] • Machine learning (ML) models are an effective and efficient alternative to mechanistic models for predicting CO 2 emissions from agricultural soils. • Random forest (RF), a classical regression ML model, is a suitable algorithm to predict soil CO 2 emissions regardless of fertiliser scenario. • Feed-forward neural network (FNN) provides acceptable predictive performance for CO 2 emissions, but it does not provide consistent predictive performance in K-Fold cross-validation. • 75% data in the training phase is optimum to provide robust ML performance when predicting CO 2 emissions from agricultural soils under maize-soy rotation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]