From Slave to Royal Vassal: Jean-François's Negotiation Strategies in the Haitian Revolution.

Based on underexploited primary sources, this article provides insights on the political culture of slaves by reconstructing the negotiation strategies of Jean-François, one of the most powerful black leaders of the Haitian Revolution. While scholarship depicts Jean-François's loyalty to Spain as a foregone conclusion, it is suggested here that his rejection of an alliance with France was the outcome of a careful consideration of the options available and of his diplomatic machinations. Jean-François's entreaties to both France and Spain and his diversified approach to French, Spanish and black generals' propaganda may have represented an inspirational example for Toussaint Louverture. A reconstruction of Jean-François's relationship with Spanish clergyman Josef Vázquez shows that Catholicism formed a pillar of his efforts to gain diplomatic leverage in spite of the difficulties of establishing mutual trust across racial lines. Jean-François skilfully appropriated Catholicism – a cornerstone of European colonialism – to influence his Spanish counterparts and challenge their racist bias. Religious performances proved their cohesive power and potential for the mobilization of slaves: Jean-François's troops followed him until his final relocation to Spain, an outcome which was not a mere imposition by Spanish authorities as previously thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]