Efficient Blockchain-Enabled Large Scale Parked Vehicular Computing With Green Energy Supply.

While the vehicular network enables geographically distributed cooperative computation, its mature implementation has long been constrained due to the lack of an effective management platform. In this paper, employing the security and privacy attributes of blockchain, we propose a novel Blockchain-enabled Large-scale Parked Vehicular Computing (BLPVC) architecture to utilize the potential solar energy and vehicular computational resources in the outdoor parking lot. However, the uneven green power supply and random arrival time of electric vehicles compose the highly complex environment. Accordingly, in this paper, to handle the efficient utilization of the distributed resources by blockchain technology, we propose an integrated optimization framework which leverages the green energy utilization and service latency limit among the processes of block generation, task computing, and communication, whereas such a design leads to the mixed-timescale stochastic optimization problem. To this end, corresponding to the dynamic solar energy arrival, we propose a shaped deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) algorithm to accelerate the learning rate of computational frequency control in the short-term stage; while in the long-term stage, for the mixed-integer programming (MIP) of task offloading and blockchain parameters adjustment, a series of transformation is employed to preserve convexity. Finally, experiments are carried out on Python demonstrating that the proposed scheme achieves a balanced performance between service latency and distributed resources, while the battery depreciation cost is heavily reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]