South–South cooperation resilience in Brazil: presidential leadership, institutions and bureaucracies.

The article seeks to contribute to the interdisciplinary literature on South–South cooperation (SSC) promoted by Brazil. By delving into both quantitative and qualitative data, the article presents an outlook on the last 20 years of Brazilian SSC projects and addresses the role of some domestic factors in this process. Data analysis reveals that presidential leadership and institutional-bureaucratic factors are important for a more comprehensive understanding of past and present trends. As indicated by the previous literature, Lula's leadership was an important factor in the spike in SSC initiatives during the later years of his administration. Additionally, one should consider the role of federal institutions and their bureaucracies in sustaining momentum when the leadership driver is either absent or working against SSC, as is the case in the Bolsonaro administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]