Modelling of off-road wheeled vehicles for real-time dynamic simulation.

• A framework for dynamic simulation of vehicle-terrain systems is discussed. • We develop and implement a cone index-based (CI) model for dynamics simulation. • CI model does not show oscillations and reaches the steady state smoothly. • We compare the CI model to the existing Wong-Reece models. • Methods qualitatively agree in transient states and maximum tractive effort. Simulation of wheel-ground and vehicle-ground interactions is very important in many applications. Achieving accuracy and efficiency is challenging for both soft and hard terrains. This is not only because of the simulation and numerical challenges, but also due to the questionable nature of the existing terrain models. For example, the most widely used terramechanics model is not a representative constitutive relation for a full range of dynamic conditions and applications, but rather a parametrization of steady state conditions. In general, the selection and development of the proper constitutive model and the parametrization of the ground properties are very challenging. Here, we present a unified framework for general wheel-ground interaction which can be used with different terramechanics models. The framework is based on a complementarity formulation and also uses the concept of kinematic constitutive relations, beside the other known concepts for modelling and parametrizing the soil properties. The framework makes it possible to consider the appropriate modelling of the terrain for a broad range of dynamic behaviours and simulation conditions. We will illustrate the material with several examples for off-road conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]