Challenges of maintaining and diffusing grassroots innovations in alternative food networks: A systems thinking approach.

Sustainability transitions of food systems are at the core of several of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In many regions, grassroots initiatives (i.e., community-led bottom-up initiatives) have emerged to experiment with alternative food networks and change the dominant food regimes. While grassroots initiatives can play a crucial role in sustainability transitions, it is known that actors usually face challenges related to (1) building and maintaining an initiative, and (2) diffusing it to the mainstream. However, the systemic mechanisms underlying these two types of challenges in food systems are still underspecified. Building on previous empirical research, the paper uses systems thinking (qualitative causal loop diagrams) to detail (1) the systemic mechanisms underlying the emergence and maintenance of an alternative food network; and (2) the feedback loops related to organizational and logistics issues that pose limits to scaling. It explains the paradox of diffusion in alternative food networks and concludes that diffusion of alternative food networks to mainstream may be achieved through replication and translation strategies, rather than scaling-up. • The article studies the maintenance and diffusion of alternative food networks. • Systems thinking is employed to identify key dynamics and challenges. • Causal loop diagrams are used to visualize systemic relationships amongst variables. • Results suggest the existence of an 'optimal size' for food cooperatives. • Diffusion to mainstream may be realised by replication, rather than by scaling-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]