Estimating the maize biomass by crop height and narrowband vegetation indices derived from UAV-based hyperspectral images.

• Crop height explained the most variability in maize AGB estimation of V6 stage. • EVI and VARI were selected as the most important narrowband VIs at the R1 stage. • mSR 705 , Vi opt , SRPI, REIP-LI, NDI, Maccioni were important VIs at the R3 stage. • XGBoost model outperformed stepwise and RF regression model in maize AGB estimation. • UAV-based hyperspectral imagery has some advantages for AGB estimation. Monitoring the aboveground biomass (AGB) of maize is essential for improving site-specific nutrient management and predicting yield to ensure food safety. A low-altitude unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was employed to acquire hyperspectral imagery of the maize canopy at three growth stages (V6, R1, R3) to estimate the maize AGB. Five maize nitrogen (N) rate experiments were conducted in Lishu County, Jilin Province, Northeastern China, to create different biomass conditions. Combined with crop height data obtained from the field measurements, 30 narrowband vegetation indices (VIs) were extracted using surface reflectance data from the hyperspectral imagery. Stepwise regression, random forest (RF) regression and XGBoost regression models were used to predict the fresh and dry AGB of the 2019 growth season. The study revealed that (1) crop height explained the most variability (60–70%) in the maize dry and fresh AGB estimation of the V6 growth stage, while different VIs exhibited various importance for AGB estimation at other maize growth stages; (2) XGBoost regression models demonstrated high prediction accuracy in both fresh and dry AGB estimation, compared with stepwise regression and RF models. (3) XGBoost models also presented high prediction accuracy at each single-growth stage and the whole-growth stage, with the highest accuracy for the dry AGB at V6 growth stage (R2 = 0.81, RMSE = 0.27 t/ha). This study demonstrated the capability of UAV-based hyperspectral imagery for estimating maize AGB at the field scale, which can be used to assist precision agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]