Winter air quality improvement in Beijing by clean air actions from 2014 to 2018.

In order to cope with heavy haze pollution in Beijing, the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan was issued in 2013. In this study, we took January observations from 2014 to 2018 as a case study to assess wintertime air quality improvement in Beijing after five years of continuous emission control measures and to investigate the causes of haze formation. SO 2 and NO 2 concentrations in January 2018 decreased by 84% and 41% from January 2014, while NH 3 concentrations remained relatively stable during these years with an average of 7.28 μg m−3. The mean concentrations of PM 2.5 and water-soluble inorganic ions declined over the study period, while compared with 2014, decreased SO 4 2− ratio and increased NO 3 − contribution in PM 2.5 were observed, highlighting the importance of reactive nitrogen (Nr) pollution control. High concentrations of NH 3 , NO 2 , as well as NH 4 + and NO 3 − in PM 2.5 at roadside monitoring sites, indicated that vehicle sources played a vital role in local urban Nr emissions. Finally, we found most NH 3 existed in the gas phase in the Beijing atmosphere, even on polluted winter days, suggesting a considerable risk for additional secondary aerosol formation. Our findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the emissions control in alleviating Beijing's air pollution. Significant reductions of precursor emissions are needed to achieve the goals set by air quality standards in the future, especially for NH 3. It is especially crucial to jointly consider and control multiple pollution sources to effectively reduce the high levels of air pollution that remain in Beijing. • Significant improvements in Beijing air quality were observed during January 2014 to 2018. • The concentrations of SO 2 , NO 2 in air and SO 4 2−, NO 3 −, NH 4 + in PM 2.5 significantly decreased. • NH 3 concentrations remained stable during these 5 years. • Vehicle sources are vital contributors to NH 3 and NO 2 emissions. • The Beijing atmosphere is NH 3 -rich. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]