New electrochemical method for programmed death-ligand 1 detection based on a paper-based microfluidic aptasensor.

• A paper-based microfluidic device with a three-electrode system was fabricated. • NH 2 -SWCNT/NMB/AuNPs and aptamer were used to form a PD-L1 aptasensor. • A method for rapid PD-L1 detection with high sensitivity was developed. As programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is considered a referenced therapeutic biomarker, a rapid and low-cost method to detect PD-L1 in body fluids is necessary. In this work, a paper-based microfluidic aptasensor for label-free electrochemical detection of PD-L1 in liquids was fabricated. The aptasensor integrates a reaction cell and a three-electrode system, and a differential pulse voltammetry electrochemical method was adopted. PD-L1 aptamer with a low equilibrium dissociation constant was used as a biorecognition molecule. To bind the aptamer and assist in the electrochemical measurement, nanocomposites were synthesized and used to modify the working electrode, which was composed of an amine-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotube, new methylene blue and gold nanoparticles. The basic performance of the aptasensor was tested in phosphate-buffered saline: the linear range was between 10 pg mL−1 and 2.5 ng mL−1, and the detection limit was 10 pg mL−1 (signal/noise = 3). Moreover, the aptasensor was used for the detection of serum samples and compared with an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that the aptasensor provides a new low-cost, portable and highly sensitive detection method for PD-L1, as an alternative to ELISA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]