Estimation of the critical buckling load of pile foundations during soil liquefaction.

Buckling instability of slender piles may occur based on the effect of excessive axial loads acting on a pile with diminishing effective stress and shear strength owing to surrounding soil liquefaction. However, several guidelines for pile design often provide insufficient consideration of buckling failure, and it is significant to study the buckling failure of piles in liquefiable sites for the design and inspection of piles. In this paper, an efficient method of determining the critical buckling load of piles considering the material and geometric nonlinearities of piles based on the excess pore pressure distribution is proposed based on the beam-on nonlinear Winkler foundation (BNWF) model. Then, the method is verified and validated using results from centrifuge tests. Next, plots of the main effects and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for the sensitivity analysis of pile failure modes under axial loading. The initial imperfections and flexural rigidity of the pile have significant effects on the pile failure modes, and the pile is susceptible to buckling failure with low initial imperfections and flexural rigidity. Furthermore, the effects of the flexural rigidity of the pile, unsupported length ratio, initial imperfections, and degree of soil layer liquefaction on the critical buckling load of the pile in liquefiable soil are examined. The axial load-carrying capacity of the pile decreases with increasing initial imperfection amplitude, decreasing flexural rigidity of the pile, decreasing unsupported length ratio and severer degree of soil layer liquefaction. Finally, an estimating formula for predicting the critical buckling load of piles in liquefiable soil and an application example are presented. • A reliable approach is proposed to estimate the buckling load of piles during soil liquefaction. • Several key influencing factors on failure modes and buckling load of pile are discussed. • A simplified estimation method to predict the critical buckling load during the soil liquefaction is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]