Phylogeny of Meloini blister beetles (Coleoptera, Meloidae) and patterns of island colonization in the Western Palaearctic.

Flightless, phoretic insects of the tribe Meloini include several widespread species able to inhabit both mainland and oceanic and continental islands. Relationships between phoretic and non‐phoretic species of Meloini are unclear, precluding broad evolutionary and biogeographic analyses within the group. We provide a robust molecular phylogenetic framework for Meloini, with finer sampling in the Western Palaearctic, by analysing two nuclear (Wg, 18S) and two mtDNA (cox1, 16S) gene fragments of 24 species representing eight subgenera of Meloe and Physomeloe. Our phylogenetic analyses revealed that Meloe, as currently recognized, is paraphyletic. Our phylogenetic hypothesis clarifies several controversial relationships within the group. We provide a new taxonomic framework that better reflects the evolutionary relationships of the group by raising to genus all previously considered subgenera: Afromeloe Schmidt, 1913, Alveomeloe Pripisnova, 1987, Chiromeloe Reitter, 1911, Desertimeloe Kaszab, 1964, Eurymeloe Reitter, 1911, Lampromeloe Reitter, 1911, Lasiomeloe Reitter, 1911, Listromeloe Reitter, 1911, Meloegonius Reitter, 1911, Mesomeloe Reitter, 1911, Meloenellus Reitter, 1911, Micromeloe Reitter, 1911, Taphromeloe Reitter, 1911 and Treiodous Dugès, 1869; while Anchomeloe Iablokoff‐Khnzorian, 1983, is recovered as subgenus of Meloe. In addition, we conducted an extensive intraspecific sampling for four phoretic taxa (Meloe proscarabaeus, Meloe autumnalis, Eurymeloe mediterraneus and Eurymeloe tuccia) and used mtDNA phylogeographic analyses to unveil patterns of overseas dispersal. Our phylogeographic analyses revealed a high level of geographically unstructured haplotype diversity within taxa, suggesting that transmarine dispersal events have occurred multiple times along the evolutionary history of phoretic species of blister beetles. Larval phoresy may explain the existence of idiosyncratic biogeographic and phylogeographic patterns in these flightless organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]