Upper body estimation of muscle forces, muscle states, and joint motion using an extended Kalman filter.

This study synthesises modelling techniques and dynamic state estimation techniques for the simultaneous estimation of the muscle states, muscle forces, and joint motion states of a dynamic human arm model. The estimator considers both muscle dynamics and motion dynamics. The arm model has two joints and six muscles and contains dynamics both of the muscles and of the motion. We develop an optimally tuned extended Kalman filter using noisy measurements of joint angles with standard deviation 2.87°, of joint velocities with standard deviation 6.9°/s, and of muscle activations with standard deviation 10% of their peak values, and then simultaneously estimate joint angles, joint velocities, muscle forces, joint moments, and muscle states. The standard deviations of estimation errors (SDEE) are no more than 0.07° for joint angles, 1°/s for joint velocities, 0.6 mm for muscle–tendon lengths, and 0.1 Nm for joint torques. The results are compared with a previously developed static optimisation method, and verify the effectiveness of the proposed estimator in providing lower SDEE for both muscle and motion dynamics of the human arm model compared to the static optimisation method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]