Use of Power Transform Mixing Ratios as Hydrometeor Control Variables for Direct Assimilation of Radar Reflectivity in GSI En3DVar and Tests with Five Convective Storm Cases.

When directly assimilating radar data within a variational framework using hydrometeor mixing ratios (q) as control variables (CVq), the gradient of the cost function becomes extremely large when background mixing ratio is close to zero. This significantly slows down minimization convergence and makes the assimilation of radial velocity and other observations ineffective because of the dominance of the reflectivity observation term in the cost function gradient. Using logarithmic hydrometeor mixing ratios as control variables (CV logq) can alleviate the problem but the high nonlinearity of logarithmic transformation can introduce spurious analysis increments into mixing ratios. In this study, power transform of hydrometeors is proposed to form new control variables (CVpq) where the nonlinearity of transformation can be adjusted by a tuning exponent or power parameter p. The performance of assimilating radar data using CVpq is compared with those using CVq and CVlogq for the analyses and forecasts of five convective storm cases from the spring of 2017. Results show that CVpq with p 5 0.4 (CVpq0.4) gives the best reflectivity forecasts in terms of root-mean-square error and equitable threat score. Furthermore, CVpq0.4 has faster convergence of cost function minimization than CVq and produces less spurious analysis increment than CVlogq. Compared to CVq and CVlogq, CVpq0.4 has better skills of 0-3-h composite reflectivity forecasts, and the updraft helicity tracks for the 16 May 2017 Texas and Oklahoma tornado outbreak case are more consistent with observations when using CVpq0.4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]