High‐throughput methods for efficiently building massive phylogenies from natural history collections.

Premise: Large phylogenetic data sets have often been restricted to small numbers of loci from GenBank, and a vetted sampling‐to‐sequencing phylogenomic protocol scaling to thousands of species is not yet available. Here, we report a high‐throughput collections‐based approach that empowers researchers to explore more branches of the tree of life with numerous loci. Methods: We developed an integrated Specimen‐to‐Laboratory Information Management System (SLIMS), connecting sampling and wet lab efforts with progress tracking at each stage. Using unique identifiers encoded in QR codes and a taxonomic database, a research team can sample herbarium specimens, efficiently record the sampling event, and capture specimen images. After sampling in herbaria, images are uploaded to a citizen science platform for metadata generation, and tissue samples are moved through a simple, high‐throughput, plate‐based herbarium DNA extraction and sequencing protocol. Results: We applied this sampling‐to‐sequencing workflow to ~15,000 species, producing for the first time a data set with ~50% taxonomic representation of the "nitrogen‐fixing clade" of angiosperms. Discussion: The approach we present is appropriate at any taxonomic scale and is extensible to other collection types. The widespread use of large‐scale sampling strategies repositions herbaria as accessible but largely untapped resources for broad taxonomic sampling with thousands of species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]