A Critical Review of Graphene Quantum Dots: Synthesis and Application in Biosensors.

Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have aroused widespread attention because of their remarkable properties and potential applications. Herein, we discuss both the top-down and bottom-up strategies for the synthesis of GQDs. Different processes are presented to study their characteristics and the influence on the final properties of GQDs. The respective advantages and disadvantages of these methods are summarized. With regard to some important or novel ones, mechanisms are proposed for reference. In addition, the application of GQDs in biosensors is highlighted in detail. At last, we put forward some problems to be solved and give a brief prospect in their future developments. This review is very useful for quickly gaining knowledge and experience for synthesizing GQDs and designing the related novel biosensors. The latest progresses on the synthesis of GQDs are reviewed. The top-down and bottom-up strategies are discussed comprehensively. The potential application of GQDs in biosensors and their design solution are introduced. A brief outlook and further development for the GQDs are pointed out. This review not only provides a useful guide on the synthesis of GQDs, but also facilitates designing the novel biosensor devices for researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]