Switching model analysis and implementation of electric spring for voltage regulation in smart grids.

This study proposes a new switching model for steady‐state and dynamic analysis of an electric spring (ES). The accuracy of the developed ES model is demonstrated. The developed model is used to design a controller for bus voltage regulation in a distribution network with an intermittent renewable source. The ES controller design problem is formulated as an optimisation problem with a time domain‐based objective function to reduce the time‐weighted voltage deviations. Real coded genetic algorithm is considered for optimal design of the AC and DC PI controllers of the ES. The distribution system with ES is simulated and the developed model is investigated under different types of disturbances and load variations. In addition, the system considered is developed on real time digital simulator and the proposed controllers are implemented on dSPACE DS1103 platform for a hardware‐in‐loop experimental setup. Simulation results have been validated by the experimental results. The results show the effectiveness of the developed model and the proposed controller design approach to enhance greatly the reliability of the distribution network considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]