E-waste upcycling for the synthesis of plasmonic responsive gold nanoparticles.

• WEEE were used as secondary raw material to produce gold nanoparticles. • Gold was selectively extracted from microprocessors by hydrometallurgical methods. • Nanoparticles synthesis was developed according to the obtained Au (III) solution. • Obtained nanoparticles are pure, stable and can be used as optical sensors. One of the current challenges in circular economy is the ability to transform waste into valuable products. In this work, waste of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) was used as a gold source to prepare stable gold nanoparticles (AuNP). The proposed methodology involves a series of physical and chemical separation steps, carefully designed according to the complex nature of the selected WEEE and the targeted product. In a first step, pins from microprocessors were separated by mechanical treatments, allowing to concentrate gold in a metallic fraction. A two-step hydrometallurgical method was subsequently performed, to obtain a Au (III) enriched solution. Such solution was used as a secondary raw material to obtain AuNP. For that purpose, a specific synthetic method was developed, adapted to the high acidity and ionic strength of the solution. Thanks to the use of two easily available reducing agents (sodium citrate and ascorbic acid) and a polymeric stabilizer (PVP), it was possible to obtain high purity AuNP presenting a mixture of well-defined spherical and triangular shapes. These AuNP were finally deposited onto glass substrates and present a sensitive response to refractive index changes in the environment, a necessary condition towards application in optical sensors. In summary, this upcycling case study demonstrates that e-waste can successfully replace primary raw materials to obtain highly valuable and useful nanomaterials. These results highlight the potential of urban mining as a sustainable and circular approach to the development of nanotechnologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]