Understanding the linkage between soil moisture variability and temperature extremes over the Indian region.

• Soil moisture-temperature coupling is stronger over the monsoon dominated regions of north-central India (NCI). • Significant increase of temperature extremes over NCI is dominantly influenced by soil moisture drying. • Decrease of evapotranspiration and soil moisture memory is conducive for drying of soil moisture. Soil moisture (SM) and near-surface temperature variations are known to be linked through land–atmosphere interactions. While previous investigators have examined the association between temperature extremes and large-scale atmospheric circulation variability, the role of land–atmosphere coupling on temperature extremes over the monsoon-dominated region of India is not well understood. This study presents an analysis of hydro-meteorological datasets for the 67-year period (1948–2014) to assess the impact of long-term soil moisture changes on temperature extremes over the Indian region. Firstly, our findings show that the hot-spot of land–atmosphere coupling located across north-central India (NCI) is a region where SM variations can significantly influence temperature extremes. We further note that the NCI region experienced a significant declining trend in SM (about 1.1 mm/decade) during 1948–2014, in association with the decreasing trend of monsoon precipitation. Our findings suggest that the long-term decrease of SM over the NCI has favored increased incidence of temperature extremes through strengthening (weakening) of sensible (latent) heat fluxes; while the loss of soil moisture memory has additionally promoted increased variability of temperature extremes. The frequency, duration and variability of extreme temperatures are found to increase significantly by 1–2 occurrences, 5–6 days and 43%, respectively, in association with a decrease of 10 mm SM over NCI. The Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distributions are fitted to extreme temperature duration (ExTD) using SM as a covariate to quantify the role of SM on temperature extremes over NCI. GEV analysis reveals that drier SM conditions (10th percentile) lead to an increase in the 67-year return value of ExTD by 9–10 days, relative to wet SM conditions (90th percentile) over NCI. Furthermore, it is interesting to note that the rise in temperature extremes over NCI in the recent three decades has been more prominent during the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons as compared to the pre-monsoon months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]