Modern Violence: Heavenly or Worldly—Or Else?

Violence is often considered through its causes or effects, but seldom by its source. As to that, opinion is also divided. Some say that human culture is the source of violence and that love and peace can only come from 'outside'; others claim that precisely this 'outside' is the source of violence and that love can only blossom in a society that cancels all arbitrary reference to any 'outside'. These positions are articulated by, respectively, René Girard and Gianni Vattimo. This article confronts both positions and tries to learn from them, even though no scientific proof can decide between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]