Indiscrete metal/metal-N-C synergic active sites for efficient and durable oxygen electrocatalysis toward advanced Zn-air batteries.

• TM/TM -N- C(TM = Fe, Co, Ni) carbon nanosheets were fabricated from lysine and NaCl. • Ni/Ni -N- C demonstrates the highest ORR-OER stability over a wide potential window. • Ni/Ni -N- C delivers remarkable performance for rechargeable Zn-air battery. • Synergistic effect between Ni and Ni-N 4 -C is critical to OER activity. • Durability of Ni/Ni -N- C is ascribed to stable Ni3+-N for protecting carbon. Carbon has been deemed promising electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction/evolution reaction (ORR/OER). However, most carbon materials are not stable in highly oxidative OER environments. Herein, nitrogen (N) and transition metal (TM) co-doped carbon nanosheets hybridizing with transition metal (TM/TM -N- C, TM = Fe, Co, Ni) are developed from biomass lysine by employing a NaCl template and molten-salt-promoted graphitization process. Among the as-synthesized TM/TM -N- C, the Ni/Ni -N- C with Ni nanocubes embedded in carbon demonstrates an excellent ORR-OER stability during the potential of 0.06–1.96 V. The rechargeable Zn-air battery with the fabricated Ni/Ni -N- C as the cathode catalyst produces a low voltage gap of 0.773 V, which is only slightly increased by 5 % after 150 cycles testing. Combined experimental and theoretical studies reveal that the exceptional activity and ORR-OER wide potential durability of Ni/Ni -N- C can be ascribed to highly active Ni-N 4 -C configuration, synergistic effect between Ni and Ni-N 4 -C, carbon nanosheets structure and formation of stable Ni3+-N for protecting carbon from oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]