A Novel Modified Robust Load Frequency Control for Mass-Less Inertia Photovoltaics Penetrations via Hybrid PSO-WOA Approach.

The high penetrations of distributed energy resources (DERs) leads to severe problems such as reducing system inertia and increasing the frequency deviations from the nominal value. The main target of this study is to enable modern photovoltaics (PVs) with large penetration amounts to participate effectively in the load frequency control in the interconnected power systems, in which frequency and tie-line power sharing deviations exist. In this research, a model for the solar PV is developed to help study the heavy penetration of the solar PVs within interconnected power systems. Secondly, a time domain objective function based on the norm of the area control error is formulated. Thirdly, in order to tune the PI controllers, a combined meta-heuristic algorithm based on particle swarm optimization and whale optimization algorithm (PSO-WOA) is developed and compared with the individual PSO and WOA controllers. From the studied scenarios, the developed combined scheme outperforms the other algorithms in terms of system performance indices. Therefore, the developed PSO-WOA approach is plausible and straightforward to solve many engineering problems as it benefits from the exploitation characteristics of the conventional PSO and the exploration features of the WOA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]