A study of heating rate effect on the photocatalytic performances of ZnO powders prepared by sol-gel route: Their kinetic and thermodynamic studies.

• ZnO powders were fabricated by sol-gel process with different heating rate. • Effect of the heating rate on structure, optical and photocatalytic properties was investigated. • Non-isothermal and thermodynamic parameters of ZnO powders were studied. • Bulk and surface oxygen vacancies increased as heating rate went up. • ZnO sample prepared at 1 °C/min heating rate exhibited the excellent photocatalytic efficiency. In this work, ZnO particles were fabricated by sol-gel method at different heating rate at 500 °C for 2 h. The ZnO powders were analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV–vis spectroscopy and photoluminescence, respectively. The effect of heating rate on photocatalytic activities of ZnO particles was evaluated by degradation of methylene blue (MB). The non-isothermal kinetics and thermodynamic properties were also estimated. The XRD results showed that ZnO had hexagonal wurtzite structure. The different heating rate didn't influence the surface morphology of ZnO powders. It was observed that the heating rate had a profound effect on reduction of band gap and photocatalytic performances. The band gap of the ZnO particles varied from 3.10 to 3.17. The ZnO sample prepared at 1 °C/min exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity. Its relative photocatalytic degradation rate and kinetic constant were 92.7% and 1.069 × 10-2 min−1, respectively. The results might be ascribed to low bulk vacancies, high surface oxygen vacancies and narrow band gap energy. Also, ZnO photocatalysts showed good stability after four sequence tests. This study provides a new strategy to improve the photocatalytic performances of ZnO photocatalyst for the degradation of organic contaminant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]