Paleoclimatic fingerprints of ferromanganese nodules in subtropical Chinese soils identified by synchrotron radiation-based microprobes.

• The environmental fingerprints of the soil Fe-Mn nodules were established. • Synchrotron-based microprobes were applied for interpretation of fingerprints. • The porosity of the nodules indicates the change rate of the soil redox potential. • The elemental and structural information reveal soil nodules' formation history. • The paleoclimate can be retrieved from the fingerprints of the soil nodules. Ferromanganese nodules are important pedogenic indicators in soil. They are usually characterized by clearly expressed ring structures. Although these features are believed to be significant environmental fingerprints, the reasons for their formation still await interpretation. Here, we interpreted these fingerprints by the synergistic use of noninvasive synchrotron-radiation based techniques and advanced analytical methods. The results revealed that the soil nodules were formed due to the filling of the pore networks of the soil matrix that was mediated by both abiotic and biotic factors during alternative soil wetting-drying cycles. The ring structures are therefore the memories of the soil redox history. The variations in elemental compositions of the ring structures indicates the soil moisture conditions at the time of formation. Their porosity reflects the rate of change in soil redox potential and the soil redox potential is mainly affected by precipitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]