The coupled evolution of mid- to late Holocene temperature and moisture in the southeast Qaidam Basin.

The southeast Qaidam Basin (SQB) lies near the boundary between the modern-day Asian summer monsoon (ASM) and mid-latitude westerly jet, and the paleoclimate variation in this region can be affected by these two atmospheric circulation systems. Reconstructions of paleotemperature and palaeohydrology are therefore critical to constraining the driving forces of climate in this region, where the ecological environment is fragile. Here, we analyzed glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs), microbial membrane lipids occurring ubiquitously in aquatic and terrestrial environments across the globe, in an aeolian sediment profile over the last 7000 years from Xiangride Town (XRD) of southeast Qaidam Basin (SQB), China. The temperature record was generated using the global calibration of MAT mr based on branched GDGTs (brGDGTs), whereas the palaeohydrological condition was reconstructed from the relative abundance of isoprenoid GDGTs vs. brGDGTs (R i/b), the cyclisation index of brGDGTs (CBT), and the brGDGT-based pH indices. The results show that the paleoclimate during the mid-Holocene was relatively warmer and wetter in the SQB. Afterwards it was a trend to a cold and dry climate. Temperature variation was highly coupled with the moisture change during the mid- to late Holocene, as opposed to some previous studies showing a warm-dry and cold-wet climate pattern in the northern Qaidam basin. The palaeohydrological evolution agrees with the precipitation pattern of the Chinese loess plateau but opposes to that in Northeastern China, the middle reaches of Yangtze river and Arid Central Asia (ACA), implying that the ASM strength is the driving force of precipitation evolution during the mid- to late Holocene in the SQB and the spatial heterogeneity of the mid- to late Holocene precipitation pattern across China is remarkable. A rapid cold and drought event at around 4 ka before present (BP) was identified, which might be a key factor that caused the decline in the agricultural civilization during the late Neolithic Age in northwestern China. • Paleotemperature and moisture in Southeast Qaidam Basin (SQB) were reconstructed by GDGT-based proxies. • A gradual shift from a warm-wet to a cold-dry climate during the mid- to late Holocene was observed in the SQB. • Coupled thermal and moisture evolution imply a dominance of Asian Summer Monsoon in the SQB during the mid- to late Holocene. • A boundary between Asian Summer Monsoon and Westerlies during the mid- to late Holocene was proposed in the Qaidam Basin. • A cold and drought event at ca. 4 ka BP caused the demise of ancient civilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]