Inflammatory responses of macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells in a 3D hydrogel matrix to ultrasonicated schizophyllan.

• Immunomodulatory effects of ultrasonicated SPG on RAW264.7 cells in 3D matrix. • Different susceptibilities of macrophages cultured in 2D and 3D to uSPG. • Immune-regulation behavior in 3D microenvironment against immunomodulator treatment. The water-soluble β-glucan schizophyllan has diverse immunomodulatory activities. However, its biological activities have only been explored using cells grown in two-dimensional (2D) culture condition, which does not replicate the three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment of actual tissue, resulting in mismatches between in vitro and in vivo findings. In this study, we investigated the immunomodulatory effects of ultrasonicated schizophyllan (uSPG) on RAW264.7 cells encapsulated in 3D poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel. Cells grown in 3D were less sensitive to uSPG than those grown in 2D, although uSPG upregulated M1 macrophage phenotype markers in both conditions. This might be due to the low availability of uSPG recognition receptors of cells grown in 3D. Conversely, uSPG promoted gene expressions of M2 macrophage phenotype markers in 3D, suggesting uSPG-induced immune-regulation of macrophages in real tissues. These findings imply that the immunomodulatory effects of uSPG on macrophages should be carefully interpreted in terms of the microenvironment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]