Limitations of zT as a figure of merit for nanostructured thermoelectric materials.

Thermoelectric properties of nanocomposites are numerically studied as a function of average grain size or nanoparticle density by simulating the measurements as they would be done experimentally. In accordance with previous theoretical and experimental results, we find that the Seebeck coefficient, power factor, and figure of merit, zT, can be increased by nanostructuring when energy barriers exist around the grain boundaries or embedded nanoparticles. When we simulate the performance of a thermoelectric cooler with the same material, however, we find that the maximum temperature difference, Δ T max , is much less than expected from the given zT. This occurs because the measurements are done in a way that minimizes Joule heating, but the Joule heating that occurs in operating devices has a large effect for these kinds of materials. The same nanocomposite but without energy barriers at the grain boundaries has a lower measured zT but a higher Δ T max . The physical reason for these results is explained. The results illustrate the limitations of zT as a figure of merit for nanocomposites with electrically active grain boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]