Sequential biowashing-biopile processes for remediation of crude oil contaminated soil in Kuwait.

• Sequential biowashing-biopile processes were developed for oil-contaminated soil. • Biowashing involved the indigenous soil bacteria that were grown on hemoglobin. • The enrichment culture grown on hemoglobin showed an increased surface activity. • The processes removed 86% TPH in 20 d from the Kuwaiti oil-contaminated soil. • Aged crude oil-contaminated soil can be treated in a timely and efficient manner. The application of biological processes for remediation of the aged crude oil-contaminated soil of Kuwait can be an inefficient way, thus, this study developed 20 d-sequential biowashing and biopile processes where the biowashing step uses an enrichment culture of the indigenous soil bacterial community and the biopile step includes hemoglobin-catalyzed oxidation (HCO). The residual total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) concentrations and CO 2 generation were measured to determine the removal efficiency, and the bacterial community changes were studied to investigate the effect of the sequential processes on the soil indigenous bacterial community. The enrichment culture grown on hemoglobin showed an increased surface activity, and this promoted desorption and emulsification of crude oil from the soil sample in the biowashing step resulting in 75% TPH removal. Potential surfactant-producing bacterial species were observed in the soil sample after biowashing. The HCO in the beginning of the biopile step removed 21% of the residual TPH, and further TPH removal was observed with a longer biopile period. Overall, the sequential biowashing and biopile processes removed 86% TPH. The results show that the developed sequential biowashing and biopile processes can be used to efficiently remediate the aged crude oil-contaminated soil of Kuwait. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]