Economic losses due to ozone impacts on human health, forest productivity and crop yield across China.

China's economic growth has significantly increased emissions of tropospheric ozone (O 3) precursors, resulting in increased regional O 3 pollution. We analyzed data from >1400 monitoring stations and estimated the exposure of population and vegetation (crops and forests) to O 3 pollution across China in 2015. Based on WHO metrics for human health protection, the current O 3 level leads to +0.9% premature mortality (59,844 additional cases a year) with 96% of populated areas showing O 3 –induced premature death. For vegetation, O 3 reduces annual forest tree biomass growth by 11–13% and yield of rice and wheat by 8% and 6%, respectively, relative to conditions below the respective AOT40 critical levels (CL). These CLs are exceeded over 98%, 75% and 83% of the areas of forests, rice and wheat, respectively. Using O 3 exposure–response functions, we evaluated the costs of O 3 -induced losses in rice (7.5 billion US$), wheat (11.1 billion US$) and forest production (52.2 billion US$) and SOMO35–based morbidity for respiratory diseases (690.9 billion US$) and non–accidental mortality (7.5 billion US$), i.e. a total O 3 -related cost representing 7% of the China Gross Domestic Product in 2015. • O 3 in China reduces annual forest tree biomass growth by 11–13% and yield of rice and wheat by 8% and 6%, respectively • The expected increase in mortality rate in China varies from 0.42% to 1.11% depending on the selected metric, corresponding to 28,000 to 74,000 premature deaths due to O 3 pollution • Total O 3 -related cost in China represents 7% of the China Gross Domestic Product in 2015 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]