Factors affecting captive whooping crane egg fertility: A retrospective analysis.

The whooping crane (Grus americana) has been managed in captivity since the 1960s following a substantial genetic bottleneck in the wild population. Through major ex situ conservation efforts, there are 158 whooping cranes managed in North American institutions and chicks are released annually into the wild. Current reintroduction goals for the whooping crane however, are impeded by poor reproduction within the ex situ population, in part because of low egg fertility. Development of improved management techniques to overcome low egg fertility requires a better understanding of factors that influence egg fertility. We collected data for eggs laid at Patuxent Wildlife Research Center from 2005–2014 (n = 438 eggs; n = 23 pairs). We constructed 5 sets of generalized linear mixed‐models, with a Bernoulli‐distributed response variable (fertile or infertile), to address the effects of egg‐specific variables (month laid, sequence, and clutch order of the egg), life‐history events of the male and female (age, rearing method, wing condition, age at first pairing, age at current pairing, and female age at first laying), pair‐specific characteristics (kinship, years paired, chick‐rearing experience, and previous pairings), and captive management decisions (inclusion in the artificial insemination program and pair experience chick‐rearing) on the probability of egg fertility. Our results indicate that female‐specific factors (especially age, age at current pairing, and wing status) and pair‐specific factors of kinship, chick‐rearing experience, copulation, and inclusion in the artificial insemination program influenced fertile egg production. Specifically, the younger a female is when paired with her current social mate, the higher probability that her eggs will be fertile. Furthermore, high kinship reduced fertility, whereas chick‐rearing experience and artificial insemination of females with a donor male other than her social mate increased fertility. Further research on mate selection and reproductive mechanisms is needed to better understand egg laying and egg fertility in the whooping crane. © 2019 The Wildlife Society. Our results recommend providing opportunities for captive birds to engage in natural breeding behaviors including allowing pairs to raise chicks, allowing individuals to retain full use of their wings, and forming sexually compatible pairs early in the female's life to maximize reproductive potential of captively managed whooping cranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]