15. Yüzyıla Kadar Sicilya ve İtalya'da Müslümanlar.

Sicily, which was home of several civilizations in its history, was conquered by Muslims in the 9th century. The Muslims also attacked directly Italy after conquest of island. The island was dominated by Islamic cultur until the Norman conquest in the 11th century. The culture of religious tolerance towards the followers of other religions created by the Muslims contiuned also in the time of Normans. From that time on the Muslims benefited from this tolerance policy. The Muslims, who had a great influence even in the time of the Normans, even though it had become somewhat weak, contributed greatly to the transfer of the scientific experience and wisdom of the East from Sicily into the West. In addition to the tolerance culture mentioned, the reign of Frederick was a time during which the scientific knowledge transmitted by the West from the East reached its climax. After Friedrich's death, however, began a period during which the policy of tolerance and protection towards the Muslims came to an end. Finally, since the beginning of the 14th century, the oppressions, massacres and Christianization policies of the pope and the French Anjou dynasty led to the gradual disappearance of the Muslim population in Sicily and Italy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]