THE IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT RELATIONS IN THE TEXT - A COMPARISON BETWEEN GERMAN AND ALBANIAN LANGUAGES.

This article aims at investigating cohesive and coherent devices contributing to the content of German and Albanian texts. The main purpose of this paper is the research of explicit and implicit relations in a text in which the relationships of different parts of the text are viewed in a contrastive aspect. The corpus constitutes of newspaper articles in German and their translation in Albanian. Explicit and implicit relationships of the text are compared to the forms in which they appear in the Albanian translation. The analysis is based on eight articles out of German newspapers, which focus on Ibrahim Rugova, Kosovo's ex-president. These articles have been translated in Albanian by the Albanian journalist Enver Robelli and have been published in a collection alongside many other articles. The purpose of this comparison is to explore if Albanian and German texts use similar and/or different devices of cohesion and coherence, such as recurrence, pro-forms, tenses, conjunctions, lexical devices, which were compared to the forms in which they appear in Albanian. The reiteration of the reference is accomplished through grammatical forms such as recurrence, pro-forms, pronominal adverbs, that are explicitly retrieved. Explicit relations in the text are expressed through conjunctions, yet causal relations and temporal chronology oftentimes remain implicit. A text may have meaning without containing cohesive devices. Hence, this paper will also deal with coherence since it is the most important criterion of the text. Coherence relates to the continuity of the text's content. The continuity of the text may be explicitly expressed or it may be expressed by activating world knowledge (Weltwissen). Many pro-forms of anaphoric and cataphoric function were detected in these texts, yet it was evident that the anaphoric function was more frequent. Anaphoric reiteration has usually been realized through pronouns (either personal, demonstrative or possessive). However, the use of personal pronouns to express reference is not necessary in Albanian, due to the fact that reference can be observed in the person of the verb or in the contractions of the pronouns. Nevertheless, our corpus oftentimes makes use of the personal pronoun ai 'er', as a referring item to the referent Rugova. By using the personal pronoun intentionally, the author emphasizes that the text is dealing with an eminent person. A characteristic of Albanian is the reiteration of the object through a contraction of the personal pronoun. This syntactic phenomenon, the double signification of the object, is natural for Albanian. There is also reference to parts of the text. These are complex anaphors, which mainly refer to the entire preceding sentence. In German, these anaphors can be expressed by using pronominal adverbs. Albanian can use demonstrative pronouns as equivalents of German pronominal adverbs, yet these cannot stand alone in a text without the presence of a noun. The text can also use objects with prepositions of the type preposition+personal pronouns third person/demonstrative pronoun such as for this ‚für das‘, with this ‚mit dem‘, with him ‚mit ihm‘, from him ‚von ihm‘, etc. It is also important to mention recurrence, which has an important function to the macrostructure of the text. In some cases, the proper noun Rugova is not reiterated through a pronoun, but it recurs in the text. We assume that the reiteration of the personal pronoun Rugova emphasizes the importance of his personality. Additionally, the relationship between events and situations in the analyzed texts can also be denoted through tense. The event unfolds in Präsens and in Präteritum, but two texts of the corpus were interviews, hence, the Präsens is mostly used in these texts. Nevertheless, the time designation has not only been determined through tense, but also through various linguistic devices such as adverbs, prepositions, adjunct of time, as well as advjectives, which denote temporal meaning. These indicate temporal relationships in which the described referents of the text are to be found. Another important cohesion device is conjunction. Conjunctions represent temporal relationships between sentences, which are appropriate to the continuity of the events of the text. Temporal relations in the corpus were expressed explicitly as well as implicitly. In some cases, causal relations were implicitly expressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]