Learning From Our Aging Population: Studying Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sheds New Light on the Changing Immune System.

The aging of the Baby Boomer generation and the general rise in life expectancy continue to expand the proportion of older adults (≥65 years of age) across global and US populations. As the adult years progress, so do the chances for a diagnosis of cancer. The need to determine whether evolving trends in cancer treatment benefit an aging population is vital. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) represent a radically new approach in modern cancer treatment. They target the immune system instead of the disease and unleash the body's natural defenses against tumor growth. ICIs are valued for their reduction in toxicity and superior treatment effect compared with many conventional therapies. Although clinical trial results show generally comparable efficacy and safety in younger and older populations, the proportion of older cancer trial participants does not accurately reflect the general population. This article describes the body's cycle of immunity in combatting mutations and how ICIs can aid the most vulnerable aspect of that cycle. The article discusses the challenges and possible opportunities in an aging immune system, the immune-related side effects of ICIs, and the role of genomic biomarkers in predicting response to treatment. Regulators and activists are advocating for better representation of older patients in clinical trials; however, comprehensive investigation into the risks and benefits of immune-modulating therapies for this growing population is still needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]