Time dilation and acceleration in depression.

Abstract Background A recent meta-analysis left open a significant question regarding altered time perception in depression: Why do depressed people overproduce short durations and under-produce longer durations if their present experience is that time flows slowly? Experience and judgement of time do not seem to accord with one another. Analysis By excluding two of the six studies on methodological grounds from a previous meta-analysis of medium-length interval productions, and re-analysing the remaining four studies, the present paper finds that subjective time accelerates from initial dilation within present experience (approximately 1 s duration) to subsequent acceleration within working memory (approximately 30 s duration) when depressed. Proposals It is proposed that depressive time dilation and acceleration refer to the default mode and central executive networks, respectively. The acceleration effect is suggested to occur due to mood congruency between long intervals, boredom, and depression. This mood congruency leads to the automatic recall of intrusive, negative, and non-specific autobiographical long-term memories used to judge intervals from previous experience. Acceleration in working memory then occurs according to the contextual change model of duration estimation. Limitations The meta-analysis is limited to four studies only, but provides a potential link between time experience and judgement within the same explanatory model. Conclusions Similarities between psychological time dilation/acceleration and physical time dilation/acceleration are discussed. Highlights • Meta-analysis of time experience and judgement when depressed is contradictory. • Experience is dilated at short intervals but longer intervals seem to accelerate. • This paper explains the acceleration effect via working memory processes. • Time experience and judgement can then be explained by the same theoretical model. • Relativistic acceleration of psychological and physical time is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]