Direct and indirect effects of CO2 increase on crop yield in West Africa.

Climate change directly threatens food security in West Africa through a negative impact on productivity of the main staple food crops. However, providing consistent future crop yield projections in the region remains challenging because of uncertainty in the response of the regional climate to the CO2 increase and in the response of the cultivated crop to this altered climate with more CO2 in the atmosphere. Here, we analyse a set of idealized climate simulations to investigate the effect of CO2 concentration increase on the West African monsoon and potential impacts on crop yields of maize. On the one hand, simulations with prescribed SST and quadrupled CO2 concentration are analysed to study the atmospheric response to direct radiative forcing induced by increasing CO2 concentration, not mediated by ocean heat capacity. On the other hand, simulations with prescribed SST augmented by 4 K are analysed to study the atmospheric response to the global ocean warming expected as a consequence of the increasing CO2 radiative forcing. We show that if CO2 concentration increase has a positive impact on crop yield due to the fertilization effect, it also has a direct effect on the monsoon which acts to increase (decrease) rainfall in the eastern (western) part of the Sahel and increase (decrease) crop yields consequently. Finally, we show that SST warming acts to reduce rainfall and increase local temperatures leading to strong reduction of crop yield. The reduction of crop yield is more important in the eastern part of the Sahel where the warming is more intense than in the western part of the Sahel. Overall, positive effects are weaker and more uncertain than the negative effects in the analysed simulations. Crop yield response to rainfall and temperature variations in the GLAM model. Pixel by pixel difference against the domain average for mean yield and total growing season rainfall (left) and mean temperature (right). Values are then averaged over the 30 years of the control experiment to give more than 400 values expressed in percentage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]