Industrial applications of X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) in India.

Highlights • Detailed description of various industrial applications of XPS in India. • Elemental composition, chemical environment identification are primarily used. • Contains table of institutes in India with XPS spectrometers. • Contains table of industries that have used XPS in their research activities. Abstract This review paper summarizes the industrial applications of XPS in India from open literature. Many industrial research and development centers in India, except for a few, do not have in-house XPS systems, and leverage either the instruments available at many government laboratories or universities across various locations in India, or their in-house instruments in other parts of the world for their research activities. While XPS is being used for a wide range of applications, based on an exhaustive literature search by the author, an understanding of the scientific basis of the technique as well as related analytical techniques such as X-ray Excited Auger Electron Spectroscopy (XAES) and depth profiling, the instrumentation, the measurement, and interpretation of the results could be improved. This could potentially avoid artifacts as well as misinterpretation of results. This paper also highlights a few key points that must be considered while measuring and interpreting XPS data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]