Applicability assessment of empty fruit bunches from palm oil mills for use as bio-solid refuse fuels.

Abstract Palm kernel shells (PKS), empty fruit bunches (EFB), and trunks are by-products of the palm oil industry and form approximately 50 wt % of fresh fruit bunch (FFB). In particular, EFB accounts for approximately 20 wt % of FFB. Although large amounts of EFB are generated from palm oil mills every year in Indonesia and Malaysia, EFB is treated as waste because commercial technologies for thermo-chemical conversion of EFB into renewable energy are still under development. A robust conversion method can transform EFB into an appealing renewable energy source. In order to secure this renewable energy source, Korea can import EFB as biomass. This paper investigates literature on the status of utilization of EFB, by-products from palm oil mills in order to identify the best available technological process to use EFB as bio-solid refuse fuels (SRF). Meanwhile, physico-chemical analyses (proximate, elemental, and calorific value analyses), biomass and heavy metal content were measured in order to assess whether EFB would be suitable for use as a bio-SRF, in accordance with the Korean quality standard for SRF. According to the analysis results, EFB showed applicability to use as bio-SRF; main analysis results - moisture (9.63 wt %), ash (5.94 wt %), biomass content (97.82 wt %) and calorific value (3668 kcal kg). Graphical abstract Image 10060 Highlights • Many information on EFB such as utilization status of imported biomass, policy and laws in Korea were summarized.. • Physico-chemical analysis was also carried out to assess whether EFB would be suitable for use as a bio-SRF. • The effect of combustion on heavy metal concentrations (Hg, Cd, Pb, As, Cr, Cu) was also assessed. • All analysis results were found out to be in line with those outlined in the quality standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]