Electrochemical production of perchlorate as an alternative for the valorization of brines.

Abstract In this work, the valorization of brines, with concentrations similar to those produced by reverse osmosis or electrodialysis processes, by electrolysis with diamond anodes is evaluated. To do this, synthetic brines made from solutions of NaCl (with target concentrations ranging from 1.0 to 2.0 M and an additional test at 5.0 M) were used as the raw material for the electrochemical production of perchlorate using commercial electrochemical cells equipped with boron-doped diamond (BDD) anodes. The effect of key parameters on the rate and efficiency of perchlorate production was evaluated. The results show that it is possible to transform more than 80% of the initial chloride concentration into perchlorate, with current efficiencies higher than 70% regardless of the initial concentration of sodium chloride contained in the brine. Moreover, it was observed that both hypochlorite and chlorate were produced almost simultaneously at the beginning of electrolysis, while perchlorate was only produced when a certain value of applied electric charge was passed through the system. The results obtained were essentially independent of the concentration of NaCl, as the high concentrations used in this study avoided mass transfer limitations. Moreover, the specific energy cost of perchlorate production was estimated to range from 26.14 kWh kg−1 (for 2.0 M and 1000 A m−2) to 56.10 kWh kg−1 (for 1.0 M and 2000 A m−2). According to the results obtained, the electrochemical production of perchlorate by BDD electrochemical oxidation stands out as a promising novel technology for the valorization of the brine produced in reverse osmosis or electrodialysis processes. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Perchlorate is efficiently produced from highly concentrated NaCl by electrolysis. • High current efficiency and conversion to perchlorate were obtained. • A threshold of applied charge is required to produce perchlorate. • The energy consumption of perchlorate production ranges from 26.14–56.10 kWh kg−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]