Visible-light degradation of sulfonamides by Z-scheme ZnO/g-C3N4 heterojunctions with amorphous Fe2O3 as electron mediator.

Graphical abstract Highlights • ZnO/Fe 2 O 3 /g-C 3 N 4 heterojunction was prepared with a loosened multilayered structure. • The heterojunction exhibited excellent photocatalytic degradation towards sulfonamides. • Sulfonamides spiked in actual surface water could be efficiently removed. • The mechanism of amorphous Fe 2 O 3 -mediated Z-scheme photocatalysis was proposed. • Degradation pathways were elucidated based on byproducts identified by QToF-MS. Abstract ZnO grafted amorphous Fe 2 O 3 matrix (ZnO/Fe 2 O 3) was coupled with g-C 3 N 4 to synthesize heterojunction photocatalysts with a loosened multilayered structure. The ZnO/Fe 2 O 3 /g-C 3 N 4 exhibited enhanced photocatalytic performance in the degradation of sulfamethazine under visible-light irradiation (λ > 420 nm), with an optimum photocatalytic degradation rate approximately 3.0, 2.4 times that of pure g-C 3 N 4 and binary ZnO/g-C 3 N 4. Moreover, the target sulfonamides spiked in actual surface water samples could be efficiently photodegraded by ZnO/Fe 2 O 3 /g-C 3 N 4 after 8 h of irradiation, demonstrating its practical potential. An amorphous Fe 2 O 3 -mediated Z-scheme mechanism was proposed for the charge transfer at the heterojunction surface, which involved a Fe(III)/Fe(II) oxidation-reduction center that favored the retarded charge recombination and improved photocatalytic activity. Such a mechanism was well supported by the direct detection of surface generated O 2 − and OH reactive species. Finally, detailed transformation pathways were proposed based on the photodegradation products identified by QToF-MS analyses. This work provides an illustrative strategy for developing efficient Z-scheme photocatalysts for water purification, by taking advantage of amorphous Fe-based oxides in the semiconductor lattice matching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]