La cura della dispnea nelle malattie respiratorie croniche.

Several options are available for management of acute and chronic breathlessness. The following interventions are different from those provided for the treatment of the underlying clinical conditions. Part of them, like pulmonary rehabilitation, are nowadays accepted by all stakeholders and are strongly suggested in a patient with chronic disease i.e. COPD patients. Others, like breathlessness clinics and outpatient facilities are less popular but based on high quality evidences. To promote knowledge and stakeholders' confidence with treatment options for chronic breathlessness is therefore mandatory: the use of opioids, particularly in sustained release formulations, is supported by high quality evidences and benefit over breathlessness is noteworthy. However not all patients are able to tolerate opioids, thus a further understanding about the role of other pharmacological and non-pharmacological options is pivotal in order to provide a better comfort and breathlessness mastery [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]