Engineering Precision Medicine.

Advances in genomic sequencing and bioinformatics have led to the prospect of precision medicine where therapeutics can be advised by the genetic background of individuals. For example, mapping cancer genomics has revealed numerous genes that affect the therapeutic outcome of a drug. Through materials and cell engineering, many opportunities exist for engineers to contribute to precision medicine, such as engineering biosensors for diagnosis and health status monitoring, developing smart formulations for the controlled release of drugs, programming immune cells for targeted cancer therapy, differentiating pluripotent stem cells into desired lineages, fabricating bioscaffolds that support cell growth, or constructing "organs‐on‐chips" that can screen the effects of drugs. Collective engineering efforts will help transform precision medicine into a more personalized and effective healthcare approach. As continuous progress is made in engineering techniques, more tools will be available to fully realize precision medicine's potential. Engineering can contribute to precision medicine by providing individualized health care advices or services that could complement the genomic profiling‐based method. Engineering approaches, including personalized immune cell engineering, personalized stem cell engineering, smart drug delivery systems, personalized tissue scaffold engineering, personalized implants, wearable devices, point of care devices, and organs‐on‐chips, are promising in providing personalized healthcare services or advices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]